|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 22
| Issue : 1 | Page : 39-41 |
| |
Monthly cost of three exchanges a day peritoneal dialysis is same as of thrice a week hemodialysis in self-paying Indian patients
TK Jeloka1, S Upase2, S Chitikeshi3
1 Department of Nephrology, Hemodialysis Unit; Department of Peritoneal Dialysis, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Chinchwad, Pune, India
2 Department of Nephrology, Hemodialysis Unit, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Chinchwad, Pune, India
3 Department of Peritoneal Dialysis, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Chinchwad, Pune, India
| Date of Web Publication | 26-Dec-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
T K Jeloka
Department of Nephrology, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Thergaon, Pune - 411 033
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.83739
In India, majority of patients on dialysis are 'self paying' because of limited health insurance coverage available from government as well as private insurance providers. Hence, cost of treatment becomes one deciding factor to choose between the two modalities of dialysis - hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Aim is to compare the monthly cost of maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis at our center. Majority of patients at our center are on thrice a week hemodialysis and three times a day peritoneal dialysis. These patients were asked to submit their total direct cost of treatment of last three months. It included cost of dialysis, erythropoietin, other medicines, monthly laboratory tests, hospitalization cost, travel cost, and any other directly involved in the treatment. Monthly cost (Indian Rupees, Rs.) was then calculated by averaging the three month cost for each patient. The monthly cost of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis was then compared using 'independent sample t-test'. Thirty five patients were finally included in the analysis (21 on HD and 14 on PD). Demographic profile between the two groups was similar in terms of age, sex ratio, period on dialysis, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Total monthly cost of dialysis was similar in both the groups (Rs. 29,252 ± 6859 vs. Rs. 28,763 ± 5486, P = 0.85). The lower cost of hemodialysis procedure per se as compared to peritoneal dialysis procedure cost (Rs. 14,669 ± 1376 vs. Rs. 19,528 ± 4072, P = 0.000) was compensated by higher cost of erythropoietin (Rs. 7160 ± 3353 vs. Rs. 3093 ± 1889, P = 0.002) and travel cost (Rs. 1654 ± 1085 vs. Rs. 76 ± 66, P < 0.0001) to equalize the monthly cost between the two groups. Our analysis showed no difference in the monthly cost of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and hence, for self-paying patient in India, cost of treatment should not be a deciding factor while choosing between the two modalities.
Keywords: Cost of dialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis
How to cite this article:
Jeloka T K, Upase S, Chitikeshi S. Monthly cost of three exchanges a day peritoneal dialysis is same as of thrice a week hemodialysis in self-paying Indian patients. Indian J Nephrol 2012;22:39-41 |
How to cite this URL:
Jeloka T K, Upase S, Chitikeshi S. Monthly cost of three exchanges a day peritoneal dialysis is same as of thrice a week hemodialysis in self-paying Indian patients. Indian J Nephrol [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 28];22:39-41. Available from: https://www.indianjnephrol.org/text.asp?2012/22/1/39/83739 |
| Introduction | |  |
The two modalities of dialysis - hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - are shown to have comparable patient survival. [1] The choice of treatment in most of the cases hence, is on secondary factors like availability, personal suitability or preference and economic implications. In India, most of the patients on dialysis are 'self-paying' because of limited availability of health insurance, and so look for comparatively cheaper option of the two dialysis modalities. [2],[3] Apparently, peritoneal dialysis is projected and perceived as expensive of the two because of the cost of the dialysate bags. [4],[5] However, no comparison is available from our country from patient's perspective. The present study was taken to validate the difference in the monthly cost of maintenance hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis.
| Patients and Methods | | |
All adult patients (>18 years) who were on dialysis for more than three months and were 'self payee' were eligible for the analysis. Included hemodialysis patients were on three times a week dialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients were on three exchanges a day, which is the prevalent practice in our country. Those who had medical reimbursement (government or private) were excluded. Hemodialysis patients, who had hepatitis B or C were also excluded as they were either 'single use' dialysis or fewer re-use of the dialyzers. The mean reuse of dialyzer was 10.8 ± 1.6. About 80% patients were on 'Fresenius F6' dialyzer and remaining on F8. Hemodialysis patients who were on twice a week dialysis were also excluded. Peritoneal dialysis patients who were on cyclers or were on 'life-time scheme', where they pay a prefixed sum and are covered for rest of their lives, were also excluded. Included patients were on three exchanges −6 to 7.5 L, a day.
Patients were given a tabled sheet to write all the direct cost (Indian Rupees,  ) incurred in the previous three months (August 2010 to October 2010), in their treatment. Later, these were categorized as hemodialysis charge, peritoneal dialysate charge, erythropoietin cost, other medicine charges, laboratory charges, travel cost, hospitalization cost, if any, and other charges including other consumables like dialyzers, tubing, transfer set, minicaps, etc. Indirect costs resulting from work loss and time spent in dialysis and transportation of the patient and attendant have not been included in the study. The total monthly cost of treatment for individual patient was compared between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis group.
Analysis
All variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Comparison between the two groups was done by independent sample t-test. The data was analyzed using SPSS 17 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).
| Results | | |
A total of 35 patients - 21 of 61 hemodialysis patients and 14 of 34 peritoneal dialysis patients were finally included in the analysis [Figure 1]. Mean age, sex ratio, mean hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were similar in both the groups [Table 1]. Mean period on dialysis was also similar in both the groups. Serum albumin was found to be higher in HD as compared to PD group (3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 3.1 ± 0.5, P = 0.003). Hemodialysis procedure cost was significantly lower as compared to the peritoneal dialysis procedure cost (14669 ± 1376 vs. 19528 ± 4072, P = 0.000). Monthly cost of erythropoietin (7160 ± 3353 vs. 3093 ± 1889, P = 0.002) and travel cost to the center (1654 ± 1085 vs. 76 ± 66, P = 0.000) was higher in hemodialysis as compared to PD group. Other direct costs involved in treatment like medicines other than erythropoietin, laboratory charges, hospitalization expenses and other miscellaneous costs like transfer set in PD or dialyzer and tubing in HD group were similar [Table 2]. The total monthly cost of treatment was similar in both HD and PD group (29252 ± 6859 vs. 28763 ± 5486, P = 0.85). A total of four admissions were done in the three months - one peritoneal dialysis patient with pneumonia and three hemodialysis patient for re-do arteriovenous fistula, pneumonia, and pyelonephritis, respectively. None of the patients developed peritonitis in those three months. | Table 1: Demographics of patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Click here to view |
 | Table 2: Break-up of monthly cost of maintenance dialysis (all in INR, Rs.)
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Health economic studies comparing the two modalities of dialysis have shown peritoneal dialysis to be cheaper than in-center hemodialysis. [6],[7],[8] However, most of these studies are done from 'caregiver's perspective' where they have included cost of installation, equipment, and other logistics in initiating a unit. In India, majority of patients are 'self payee', and hence decision between the two modalities is greatly influenced by the recurring cost of the treatment. Looking at the 'dialysis cost' only, PD apparently looks more costly than HD because of high cost of the dialysate. [7] However, the overhead cost of treatment paid by the patient with each modality is significantly different. We did a pilot study to look at the overall monthly maintenance cost of both the dialysis modalities from patient's perspective rather than from the 'caregiver's perspective'.
Our study showed that the apparent dialysis cost of PD is much higher than HD when only dialysate cost is compared to hemodialysis procedure cost. This is also shown by Li et al., [9] in their analysis. However, when the total monthly cost of treatment, including the overheads is compared, there is no difference between the two modalities. The higher cost of dialysate is compensated by lower cost incurred in erythropoietin and travel to the center per month. Cost and requirement of erythropoietin is almost twice in hemodialysis as compared to peritoneal dialysis ( 7160 vs.  3093, P = 0.002). Higher dose and frequency of erythropoietin requirement in hemodialysis is also shown in a multicenter study done by Coronel et al., [10] Similarly, travel cost was much higher in hemodialysis ( 1654 vs.  76) as patient had to travel three times every week as compared to peritoneal dialysis patients, who come once every month.
There are few limitations of the study. First, it is single center pilot study. Second, the comparison is between three sessions of HD a week and three exchanges of PD a day. However, this is the standard practice in our country and majority of PD patients (68%, as reported by PD registry and Baxter, India) are on three exchanges a day. Similarly, many patients are on twice a week hemodialysis in India, and hence this study may not be applicable to them. Third, in India, cost of PD consumables is more or less similar all over the country while hemodialysis cost varies from one center to another and from one city to another city. Because of this difference in hemodialysis cost, uniform conclusion is difficult to make regarding the comparative cost analysis between the two dialysis modalities. However, considering our dialysis center as a prototype and  1150 as cost of one session of hemodialysis, the monthly total cost of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis has been shown to be similar for the patient. So, centers where the cost and practice pattern are comparable can extrapolate possible similar results, centers where the cost of hemodialysis is more than our center may have hemodialysis as more expensive and vice versa, and centers where the charges are less than ours may conclude PD to be more expensive than HD.
To conclude, our study showed no difference in total monthly cost of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and hence decision between the two modalities should not be based on the recurring cost. In view of differences in hemodialysis cost between centers and differences in initiation cost, a multicenter study is being planned to address this issue in a more detailed manner.
| References | | |
| 1. | Mehrotra R, Chiu YW, Kalantar-zadeh K, Bargman J, Vonesh E. Similar outcomes with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:110-8. 
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 2. | Jha V. End-stage renal care in developing countries: The Indian Experience. Renal Fail 2004;26:201-8.
|
| 3. | Jha V. Current status of end-stage renal disease care in south Asia. Ethn Dis 2009;19:S1-27-32.
|
| 4. | Agarwal SK, Srivastava RK. Chronic kidney disease in India: Challenges and solutions. Nephron Clin Pract 2009;111:197-203.
|
| 5. | Khanna U. The economics of dialysis in India. Indian J Nephrol 2009;19:1-4.
[PUBMED]  |
| 6. | Just PM, Charro FT, Tschosik EA, Noe LL, Bhattacharyya SK, Riella MC. Reimbursement and economic factors influencing dialysis modality choice around the world. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2365-73.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 7. | Haller M, Gutjahr G, Kramar R, Harnoncourt F, Oberbauer R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of renal replacement therapy in Austria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011. [In Press].
|
| 8. | Berger A, Edelsberg J, Inglese GW, Bhattacharyya SK, Oster G. Cost comparison of peritoneal dialysis versus hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease. Am J Manag Care 2009;15:509-18.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 9. | Li PK, Chow KM. The cost barrier tp peritoneal dialysis in the developing world - An Asian perspective. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:S307-13.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 10. | Coronel F, Herrero JA, Montenegro J, Fernandez C, Gandara A, Conesa J, et al. Erythropoietin requirements: A comparative multicenter study between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. J Nephrol 2003;16:697-702.
[PUBMED] |
[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Accessibility and quality of haemodialysis services in an urban setting in South India: a qualitative multiperspective study |
|
| Maya Annie Elias, Wim Van Damme, Edwin Wouters | | BMJ Open. 2022; 12(2): e052525 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
A brief overview about the use of different bioactive liposome-based drug delivery systems in Peritoneal Dialysis and some other diseases |
|
| Sandeep Kumar Singh, Umesh Kumar, Anupam Guleria, Dinesh Kumar | | Nano Express. 2021; 2(2): 022006 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Peritoneal dialysis–first initiative in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis |
|
| Dharna Gupta, Gaurav Jyani, Raja Ramachandran, Pankaj Bahuguna, Mohammed Ameel, Bharat Bhushan Dahiya, Harbir Singh Kohli, Shankar Prinja, Vivekanand Jha | | Clinical Kidney Journal. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Peritoneal dialysis: Status report in
South
and
South East Asia
|
|
| Vinant Bhargava, Sanjiv Jasuja, Sydney Chi-Wai Tang, Anil K. Bhalla, Gaurav Sagar, Vivekanand Jha, Raja Ramachandran, Manisha Sahay, Suceena Alexander, Tushar Vachharajani, Aida Lydia, Mamun Mostafi, Jayakrishnan K. Pisharam, Chakko Jacob, Atma Gunawan, Goh Bak Leong, Khin Thida Thwin, Rajendra Kumar Agrawal, Kriengsak Vareesangthip, Roberto Tanchanco, Lina Choong, Chula Herath, Chih-Ching Lin, Syed Fazal Akhtar, Ali Alsahow, Devender Singh Rana, Mohan M. Rajapurkar, Vijay Kher, Shalini Verma, Sampathkumar Krishnaswamy, Amit Gupta, Anupam Bahl, Ashwani Gupta, Umesh B. Khanna, Santosh Varughese, Maurizio Gallieni | | Nephrology. 2021; 26(11): 898 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Evaluation of safety and efficacy profile of Nigella sativa oil as an add-on therapy, in addition to alpha-keto analogue of essential amino acids in patients with chronic kidney disease |
|
| MohdAshraf Alam, Mohammad Nasiruddin, ShahzadF Haque, RahatAli Khan | | Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2020; 31(1): 21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Frequency and etiology of tubulo-interstitial nephritis in an adult renal biopsies in a tertiary renal care hospital: A single-center study |
|
| Ruqaya Qureshi, Salman Imtiaz, Murtaza Dhrolia, Aasim Ahmad | | Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2020; 31(2): 335 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
“Why I Chose Hemodialysis over Peritoneal Dialysis”: An Opinion Survey among In-Center Hemodialysis Patients |
|
| Anna T. Valson, Riyaz A. Asad, Radhika C. Radhakrishnan, Shampa Sinha, Shibu Jacob, Santosh Varughese, Veerasamy Tamilarasi | | Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2018; 38(4): 305 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Safe and Cost-Effective Peritoneal Dialysis Access by Skilled Nephrologists in Developing Countries |
|
| Georgi Abraham, Amit Gupta | | Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2016; 36(6): 587 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
A Global Overview of the Impact of Peritoneal Dialysis First or Favored Policies: An Opinion |
|
| Frank Xiaoqing Liu, Xin Gao, Gary Inglese, Piyatida Chuengsaman, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Alex Yu | | Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2015; 35(4): 406 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Present Status of Renal Replacement Therapy in Asian Countries |
|
| Pavan Kumar Rao Navva, Subramanyam Venkata Sreepada, Karopadi Shivanand Nayak | | Blood Purification. 2015; 40(4): 280 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
The Syrian conflict: assessment of the ESRD system and response to hemodialysis needs during a humanitarian and medical crisis |
|
| Mohamed A Sekkarie,Abdul R Zanabli,A Oussama Rifai,Lina B Murad,Akram A Al-Makki | | Kidney International. 2015; 87(2): 262 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Peritoneal dialysisvs. haemodialysis in the management of paediatric acute kidney injury in Kano, Nigeria: a cost analysis |
|
| Patience N. Obiagwu,Aliyu Abdu | | Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2014; : n/a | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Cost of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis across the world |
|
| A. N. Karopadi,G. Mason,E. Rettore,C. Ronco | | Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2013; 28(10): 2553 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Current status of end-stage renal disease care in India and Pakistan |
|
| Vivekanand Jha | | Kidney International Supplements. 2013; 3(2): 157 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Peritoneal dialysis |
|
| Mayya, M., Manjunath, R., Gupta, A. | | Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2013; 111(8): 529-533 | | [Pubmed] | | | 16 |
Report of the first peritoneal dialysis program in Guyana, South America |
|
| Altieri, M., Jindal, T.R., Patel, M., Womble, A.L., Jindal, R.M. | | Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2013; 33(2): 116-123 | | [Pubmed] | | | 17 |
Report of the First Peritoneal Dialysis Program in Guyana, South America |
|
| Maria Altieri, Tarun R. Jindal, Mayur Patel, David K. Oliver, Edward M. Falta, Eric A. Elster, Alden Doyle, Stephen R. Guy, Arthur L. Womble, Rahul M. Jindal | | Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2013; 33(2): 116 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Editorial Board
