Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to public health problem, both in terms of prevalence of disease, cost of treatment and the co-morbidities involved. Chronic diseases are the foremost cause of death worldwide responsible for 60% of all cause of death, of which 80% deaths takes place in low and middle income group.[1] CKD is associated with early mortality, decreased quality of life and increased health care expenditures.[23] Various studies reported that patients with CKD suffered with cardiovascular disease and die prematurely instead of surviving long enough to face dialysis or renal transplant.[45]

Hypertension, proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation are some important modifiable risk factors, but these factors are not sufficient to explain renal outcomes in patients affected with CKD.[67] It is now widely accepted that in some CKD-associated diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, the rate of deterioration in renal function, and the overall long-term renal outcome, are linked with the degree of renal tubulointerstitial impairment more accurately than with the severity of glomerular lesions. Various tubular proteins have been reported to be involved in the experimental pathogenesis of tubular damage and its progression to terminal fibrosis, leading to uremia.[8]

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a small 25-kDa protein released from kidney tubular cells after harmful stimuli. It represents one of the most promising biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, recent studies also suggest a possible role of NGAL in CKD.[9] NGAL as a biomarker in CKD would represent the ongoing process of renal damage rather than a simple marker of lost function as serum creatinine. For this reason, we evaluated urinary NGAL (uNGAL) in CKD patients in order to verify the relationship with severity of renal impairment.

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the uNGAL level is associated with disease progression in patients with CKD stage II, III, IV and to evaluate the predictive value of uNGAL in progression of CKD.

Material and Methods

This was a prospective case-control study carried out in Department of Medicine in Nephrology Unit, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from August 2012 to July 2014 in patients with CKD due to primary chronic glomerulonephritis. After informed written consent and ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee were obtained, total 141 subjects were enrolled for the study. Ninety-one cases of CKD stage II to IV and 50 age-matched healthy controls seeking routine health screening were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were the presence of CKD of stage II to IV according to the KDIGO guideline 2012. The diagnostic criteria of primary chronic glomerulonephritis were the presence of glomerular proteinuria and/or hematuria lasting for more than 1 year. CKD was the consequence of biopsy-confirmed glomerulonephritis. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula was used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The staging criteria for CKD was defined for stage II as renal damage with eGFR of 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m², stage III with eGFR of 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m² and stage IV with eGFR of 15–29 ml/min/1.73 m². Those with serum creatinine level of ≥6 mg/dl, eGFR of ≤15 ml/min, polycystic kidney disease, multiple myeloma, or glomerulonephritis on active immunesuppression and those who had undergone kidney transplantation were excluded from the study.

All subjects were instructed for overnight fasting for 12 h prior to blood sampling. Five ml of venous blood was obtained in sterilized vial from the cases and controls for biochemical analysis. The blood sample was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min to separate the serum, and routine hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis and urine protein measurements were performed in accordance with institutional protocols. An automated blood-cell analyzer (BC-5380, Mind Ray China) was used for routine hematology testing, and an automated clinical biochemistry analyzer (Cobas C 311 Roche-Hitachi Japan) was used for blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, serum lipids, electrolytes and albumin. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA) was used to measure uNGAL levels. A clean, morning midstream urine sample (5 ml) was collected into a pyrogen and endotoxin-free test tube and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant was transferred to an Eppendorf tube and stored at −80°C until assayed. A human NGAL ELISA kit (by Epitope Diagnostics Inc., San Diego, USA) was used for estimation of uNGAL as per producer protocol.

Results

This study was performed on 91 CKD subjects of different stages (stage II = 27, stage III = 33, stage IV = 31) and mean age was 43.37 ± 11.46 for stage II, 45.42 ± 12.30 for stage III and 44.35 ± 11.34 for stage IV, years respectively and 50 healthy individuals (27 men and 23 women) with mean age of 40.22 ± 12.31, years. Blood urea, serum creatinine and serum uric acid, were significantly higher and serum protein, serum albumin, eGFR were low in cases as compared to the controls [Table 1]. uNGAL levels were significantly higher in cases as compared to healthy controls (log 1.09 ± 0.22 μg/ml) in healthy controls versus log 1.22 ± 2.08 μg/ml in stage II, log 3.34 ± 2.74 μg/ml in stage III and log 3.70 ± 0.18 μg/ml in stage IV [Table 2].

Table 1 Demographic profile of the study subjects

Table 2 Disease progression in CKD stage II, III, IV

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and progression of chronic kidney disease

Progressor subjects presented with significantly increased uNGAL values at baseline compared with nonprogressors. Mean value of uNGAL in progressors was (stage II = 3.31 ± 1.67, stage III = 4.37 ± 2.11, stage IV = 5.42 ± 2.59) whereas mean value of uNGAL in nonprogressors was (stage II = 3.09 ± 1.10, stage III = 4.04 ± 1.80, stage IV = 4.406 ± 2.13). This showed that progressors had high value of uNGAL at baseline [Table 3]. ROC for NGAL considering the progression of CKD as status variable. The AUC for NGAL was 0.778 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68–0.86). A log uNGAL cut-off of log 3.5 unit had a sensitivity of 73.08% and specificity of 71.43% in predicting the progression of CKD. Above these values, patients experienced a significantly faster evolution to progression within a follow-up period of 18 months [Figure 1]. The result supports that progressor is only those patients who had elevated baseline value of uNGAL.

Table 3 Comparison of uNGAL in progressors versus nonprogressors

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Figure 1

Receiver operator curve for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) considering the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as status variable. The area under curve for NGAL was 0.778 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 – 0.86). A log NGAL cut-off of 3.51 (unit) had a sensitivity of 73.08% and specificity of 71.43% in predicting the progression of CKD

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Univariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that only eGFR (hazard ratio [HR] 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93–0.96; P < 0.001) and uNGAL (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with end-point of CKD whereas age, Ca×PO₄ and proteinuria were not statistically significantly associated with the end-point of CKD [Table 4]. Multiple Cox proportional regression model showed significant association of uNGAL (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20; P < 0.001) and eGFR (HR: 0.962, 95% CI: 0.95–0.98; P < 0.001) with end-point of CKD [Table 5].

Table 4 Univariate Cox proportional hazard model for progression of CKD

Table 5 Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model for the progression of CKD

Discussion

Patients with CKD commonly develop different cardiovascular complication. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Now CKD has become a major public health problem. According to annual data report of the US Renal Data System 2007, a dramatically increased overall prevalence of CKD was reported, especially for earlier stages.[1011] With the worsening of renal function, the risk for cardiovascular disease is also increases simultaneously, and it is maximum in the terminal stage (ESRD).[12] For these reasons, search of new environmental, genetic and biological factors involved in CKD progression represent a very difficult task for researcher. It is well-accepted that traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone, such as hypertension or proteinuria, are not sufficient to fully explain pathophysiology and predict the progression of different stages of this disease.

In our study, during the follow-up of 18 months, of 91 cases, 45 cases (49.4%) were progressors and 46 cases were nonprogressors in terms of CKD stages. Total 24 cases (26.4%) reached the composite renal end-point CKD stage V. In particular, 13 cases had progressed from stage II to III, 8 cases progressed from stage III to IV. Progressor has high value of uNGAL at baseline. ROC for NGAL considering the progression of CKD shows that AUC for NGAL was 0.778 (95% CI: 0.68–0.86). A log uNGAL cut-off of log 3.5 unit had a sensitivity of 73.08% and specificity of 71.43% in predicting the progression of CKD. Above these values, patient experienced a significantly quicker evolution to end-point within a follow-up time of 18 months. Our study results are supported by Bolignano et al. who also reported that subjects with uNGAL values above 231 ng/ml showed a significantly faster progression to end-point (P < 0.0001), with a mean follow-up time of 13.2 months (95% CI: 11.9–15.9) as compared to 19.2 months (95% CI: 17.9–19.8) for uNGAL below the cut-off.[13]

The association between baseline urine NGAL levels and risk of CKD progression was strongest in the first 2 years of biomarker measurement. This study was done by Liu et al. over an average follow-up of 3.2 years, where 689 cases in which the eGFR was decreased by half or incident ESRD developed. Even after accounting for eGFR, proteinuria and other known CKD progression risk factors, urine NGAL remained a significant independent risk factor (Cox model HR 1.70 highest to lowest quartile). This study result supports our study.[14]

In a study by Wu et al. of 36 patients with drug-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (GFR 37 ± 20 ml/min/1.73 m²), urine NGAL was predictive of renal function decline and the only risk factor with a P < 0.05 in their multivariable models.[15] Viau et al. examined 87 subjects with polycystic kidney disease who had GFR 33 ± 20 ml/min/1.73 m² and reported that urine NGAL levels were higher in patients who progressed to ESRD. No attempts were made to adjust for other known risk factors for CKD progression.[16] Nielson et al. showed in another cohort of 78 type 1 DM patients that elevated urine NGAL was not related to decline in GFR during a 4-year follow-up; it was associated with the development of ESRD, but not after adjustment (albeit CIs were wide).[17]

Univariate Cox proportional hazards model and multivariate cox proportional hazard model for progression of CKD showed that only eGFR and NGAL were significantly associated with end-point of CKD whereas the association with age, Ca×PO₄ and proteinuria was not statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, Bolignano et al. found that only age and eGFR were significantly associated with end-point, whereas calcium-phosphate product, fibrinogen, CRP, proteinuria, and even age failed to reach statistical significance.[13]

In the present study, increased uNGAL was reported in CKD patients as compared to controls. The parallel elevation in uNGAL with disease severity or with increasing stages of CKD supports the hypothesis of an active tubular production, also excluding a passive consequence of reduced renal clearance capacity. The results of our study as also supported by Bolignano et al., they found that uNGAL levels were significantly higher in CKD patients than control. They also reported that in CKD patients uNGAL level may reflect the severity of renal impairment, independently predicting residual GFR even better than serum creatinine. Increase production of uNGAL in CKD could be associated with hypertension and endothelial damage.[1819]

Recent observation as reported by Mori and Nakao “the forest fire theory” which assume that increased NGAL in CKD is the consequence of its sustained production by inflamed but viable tubular cells whereas rise in serum creatinine and decreased GFR represents general loss of viable nephrons. Thus, NGAL reflects how much kidney damage exists within CKD subjects.[20]

Conclusion

The result of our study supports that progressor is only those patients who had elevated baseline value of uNGAL. This suggests that NGAL would not be a simple surrogate index of baseline eGFR, but also a marker on its own, predicting CKD progression beyond the information provided by GFR estimation.