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Reply to ‘kidney transplantation in a patient with HIV disease’
Address for correspondence: Dr. Shyam B Bansal, B-22, Sector 62, Noida, UP-201 301, India. E-mail: shyambansal1974@yahoo.com
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article was originally published by Medknow Publications and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Sir,
I thank Dr. Gonzalez for replying.[1] I want to make following points in response:
The goal of initial HAART in the naïve patient should be to devise a regimen that will achieve maximal durable viral suppression (<50 copies/mL) and be tolerated for an indefinite period of time.[23]
For ARV therapy-naïve patients, the initial HAART regimen should include a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus either a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI), or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Unfortunately, there is no clear data available at present on which to base distinction between these two approaches.[23]
The use of NNRTI-based regimen for initial therapy may preserve PIs for later use.[3] For NNRTI the preferred drug is efavirenz, but nevirapine can be used as an alternative drug in combination with two NRTIs.[3]
We agree with you that clinicians should not use nevirapine as part of the initial regimen in women with CD4 counts >250 cells/mm3 or men with CD4 counts >400 cells/mm3. However, it can be used in men and women with CD4 counts <400 and <250 cells/mm3, respectively.[3] As this patient was already on this regimen, when he came to us for transplant and was responding to treatment as evident by his CD4 cell count and HIV RNA levels.[4]
The nevirapine as initial treatment is contraindicated only in cases of moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score B or C).[3] This patient had normal hepatic function initially and later on he had mild increase in aminotransferase levels, which improved after reduction in dose of drug.[4]
When nevirapine or efavirenz were used as initial treatment, no significant difference was noted in efficacy between these two drugs in combination with stavudine and lamivudine and toxicity was only slightly higher with nevirapine.[5]
Lamivudine/stavudine/nevirapine is one of the prescribed regimens for treatment of HIV in African countries as approved by the World Health Organization. It is used as a first-line combination in eight African countries. This is also the most cost-effective initial drug regimen.[6]
I agree with the author that measuring serum antiretroviral drug levels after transplant might help with drug dosing.
References
- Kidney transplantation in a patient with HIV disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19:126.
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- Antiretroviral therapy for hiv infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach. Available from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf [cited on 2009 Sep 30]
- Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf [cited on 2008 Nov 3]
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- Kidney transplantation in a patient with HIV disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19:77-9.
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- Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: A randomized open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet. 2004;363:1253-63.
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- Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/amds/en/Standard_Treatment_Guidelines-Final.pdf [cited in 2009]
