Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
Allied Health Professionals’ Corner
Author Reply
Book Review
Brief Communication
Case Report
Case Series
Clinical Case Report
Clinicopathological Conference
Commentary
Corrigendum
Editorial
Editorial – World Kidney Day 2016
Editorial Commentary
Erratum
Foreward
Guideline
Guidelines
Image in Nephrology
Images in Nephrology
In-depth Review
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Letters to Editor
Literature Review
Nephrology in India
Notice of Retraction
Obituary
Original Article
Perspective
Research Letter
Retraction Notice
Review
Review Article
Short Review
Special Article
Special Feature
Special Feature - World Kidney Day
Systematic Review
Technical Note
Varia
Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
Allied Health Professionals’ Corner
Author Reply
Book Review
Brief Communication
Case Report
Case Series
Clinical Case Report
Clinicopathological Conference
Commentary
Corrigendum
Editorial
Editorial – World Kidney Day 2016
Editorial Commentary
Erratum
Foreward
Guideline
Guidelines
Image in Nephrology
Images in Nephrology
In-depth Review
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Letters to Editor
Literature Review
Nephrology in India
Notice of Retraction
Obituary
Original Article
Perspective
Research Letter
Retraction Notice
Review
Review Article
Short Review
Special Article
Special Feature
Special Feature - World Kidney Day
Systematic Review
Technical Note
Varia
View/Download PDF

Translate this page into:

Research Letter
34 (
5
); 501-503
doi:
10.25259/ijn_251_23

The Prevalence and Outcome of Parathyroid Disorder After Renal Transplantation: A Prospective Observational Study

Department of Nephrology, Vishesh - Jupiter Hospital, Madhya Pradesh, India
Department of Nephrology, Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Medical Writer, NEPHROLIFE-The Complete Kidney Care, Surat, Gujarat, India

Corresponding author: Suny S. Modi, Department of Nephrology, Vishesh - Jupiter Hospital, Ring Road, Near Teen Imli Square, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail: sunynephrology@gmail.com

Licence
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Modi S, Rao BS, Seshadri R, Prakash KC, Annigeri R, Rajamahesh J, et al. The Prevalence and Outcome of Parathyroid Disorder After Renal Transplantation: A Prospective Observational Study. Indian J Nephrol. 2024;34:501-3. doi: 10.25259/ijn_251_23

Dear Editor,

There is a well-recognized association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mineral bone disease. Renal transplantation restores calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D levels leading to decline in levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). The prevalence of parathyroid disorder in post-transplant recipients is variable.1-4 There are few Indian data regarding the prevalence of parathyroid disorder in kidney transplant recipients. This prospective, observational study aimed to assess the prevalence of parathyroid disorder in renal transplant recipients during 12 months of transplantation and identify the association of parathyroid disorder with demographics/clinical variables. The study protocol was approved by institutional ethics committee.

Demographic characteristics of 52 post-transplant recipients are shown in Supplementary Table 1. Of 52 patients, two were lost to follow-up and one expired after 3 months, and one patient expired after 6 months of transplantation. Analysis was done considering 52, 49, and 48 patients, respectively at 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation.

Supplementary Files

At baseline serum iPTH <65 and ≥65 pg/ml were found in 8 (15.38%) and 44 (84.61%) patients, respectively. At 3-month, 43 (82.7%) had hyperparathyroidism, and 9 (17.30%) had normal PTH levels. At 6-month, 45 (91.8%) had hyperparathyroidism, and 4 (8.2%) had normal PTH levels. At 12-month, 38 (79.2%) had hyperparathyroidism, and 10 (20.8%) had normal PTH levels. Pre-transplantation mean iPTH levels were 370.496 ± 419.26 pg/ml, and post-transplantation, these values were 237.496 ± 244.13 pg/ml, 184.420 ± 165.59 pg/ml, and 205.975 ± 250.09 pg/ml, at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Table 1 outlines the levels of biochemical parameters at baseline and post-transplantation. Supplementary Figure 1 shows the trend of changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum PTH, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D post-transplantation. Table 2 presents the association of post-transplant hyperparathyroidism months with demography/clinical variables. Supplementary Figure 2 depicts scatter plots for all significant associations. The mean iPTH levels were significantly higher in patients with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 than ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (310.694 pg/ml vs. 143.143 pg/ml, P = 0.023). More details are available in Supplementary Materials and Methods.

Table 1: Levels of various biochemical parameters (pre-transplantation and after 3, 6, and 12 months of transplantation)
Biochemical parameter Baseline (n = 52) 3-month follow-up (n = 52) 6-month follow-up (n = 49) 12-month follow-up (n = 48)
Mean iPTH levels (range), pg/ml 370.50 ± 419.26 237.50 ± 244.13 184.42 ± 165.59 205.975 ± 250.09
iPTH levels, n (%) (2.5-2267) 40.2-1294) (32.6-840) (31.5-1295)
 <65 pg/ml 8 (15.38) 9 (17.31) 4 (8.16) 10 (20.83)
 ≥65 pg/ml 44 (84.61) 43 (82.69) 45 (91.84) 38 (79.17)
Mean sr. creatinine (range), mg/dl -

1.2608 ± 0.62

(0.30-4.8)

1.3527 ± 0.68

(0.40-50)

1.3035 ± 0.50

(0.5-3.60)

Mean GFR (range), ml/min/1.73 m2 -
 MDRD formula

79.44 ± 65.23

(15.20-489)

72.8094 ± 47.41

(14.50-342)

71.2919 ± 37.14

(21.10-264)

 Nankivell formula

73.0579 ± 26.47

(7.00-194)

68.82 ± 24.12

(7.02-149)

67.5583 ± 21.52

(15.20-119)

Mean sr. calcium (range), mg/dl - 9.2490 ± 0.45 9.3555 ± 0.41 9.2885 ± 0.5
Sr. calcium levels, n (%) (8.20-10.20) (8.50-10.50) (8.3-10.40)
 Hypocalcemic (<8.6 mg/dl) 21 (40.38) 4 (7.7) 1 (2.04) 4 (8.33)
 Hypercalcemic (8.6-10.2 mg/dl) 1 (1.9) - 47 (95.91) 2 (4.16)
 Normocalcemic (>10.2 mg/dl) 30 (57.69) 48 (92.30) 1 (2.04) 42 (87.5)
Mean sr. phosphorus levels (range), mg/dl - 3.704 ± 0.71 3.596 ± 0.66 3.679 ± 0.68
 Sr. phosphorus levels, n (%) (2.2-5.4) (2.5-5.6) (2.7-6.2)
 Hypophosphatemia <2.5 mg/dl 3 (5.76) 2 (3.84)
 Hyperphosphatemia >4.5 mg/dl 32 (61.53) 6 (11.53) 9.3555 ± 0.41 7 (14.58)
Normophosphatemic 2.4-4.5 mg/dl 17 (32.69) 44 (84.61) (8.50-10.50) 41 (85.41)
Mean sr. total vitamin D levels -

12.0535 ± 6.09

(3.0-25.0)

7 (14.28)

19.4915 ± 9.24

(4.0-48.20)

 Vitamin D deficiency <20 ng/ml 47 (90.38) 42 (85.71) 33 (68.75)
 Vitamin D insufficiency 21-29 ng/ml 5 (9.61) 16.1018 ± 10.45 9 (18.75)
 Normal >30 ng/ml - (4.0-67.90) 6 (12.5)

Sr.: Serum; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Out of the total 52 patients, two were lost to follow-up (i.e., one patient expired post 3-month of transplantation and one post 6-month of transplantation); therefore, statistical analysis was carried out on 52, 49, and 48 patients, respectively, at 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-transplantation

Table 2: Correlation of post-transplantation hyperparathyroidism with multiple factors
Correlation of post-transplantation hyperparathyroidism with P
3-month follow-up
(n = 52) (n = 49) (n = 48)
Age 0.298 0.254 0.422
Sex 0.134 0.943 0.471
Pre-transplantation hyperparathyroidism 0.001** 0.001** 0.001**
Duration of disease 0.030* 0.074 0.161
Dialysis vintage 0.060 0.031* 0.044*
Serum creatinine 0.477 0.197 0.006*
eGFR (MDRD as well as Nankivell equation) 0.432 0.219 0.030*
P ≤0.001 and *P <0.05 considered as significant, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease.

The pre-transplantation mean serum iPTH levels, in our study, are comparable to values reported by Gomes et al.5 (300 pg/ml) and Wolf et al.6 (423.4 ± 340.1 pg/ml). The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (defined as ≥65 pg/ml) was 82.7%, 91.8%, and 79.2%, respectively, at 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-transplantation, which are approachable to figures reported in two Indian studies. The first study published by Rathi et al.,S7 showed the prevalence of 42.7% and 51.3%, respectively, at 12- and 24-week post-renal transplantation. Aggarwal et al.S8 showed the high, normal, and low PTH levels (as per the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines for the range of eGFR) in 69%, 22%, and 9% of cases. Our patients had achieved normal post-transplantation serum calcium and phosphorus levels. At 12-month, the incidence of hypercalcemia was less (4.17%) than observed in studies published by Gomes et al.5 (24%) and Torres et al.S9 (75%). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is most likely attributable to less events of hypercalcemia in our population.

Post-transplant PTH levels (at 3-, 6-, and 12-month) correlated with pre-transplant PTH levels. Disease duration and dialysis vintage showed a significant effect in the early post-transplantation period at 3-month, which was not observed on further follow-up. This could be explained by that pre-transplant factors (i.e. duration of disease) may be decisive in early post-transplantation period; however, as time progresses, post-transplant factors (i.e. eGFR) play a crucial role in severity of hyperparathyroidism. GFR is generally considered as the best index for graft function.S10 Our cohort achieved relatively good graft functions with mean estimated GFR of 79.44 ml/min/1.73 m2, 72.80 ml/min/m2, and 71.29 ml/min/m2 at 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-transplantation. Comparatively, Bleskestad et al.S11 and Gomes et al.5 reported the mean eGFR of 70.9 ml/min/m2 and 58.1 ± 18.7 ml/min/mm2, respectively, at 1-year post-transplantation. Recent Indian study by Aggarwal et al.S8 stated almost patients achieved eGFR >60 ml/min/m2. Post-renal transplant recipients had eGFR ≈ 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2, hinting some degree of reduced kidney function resulting in CKD-related hyperparathyroidism.S12 We discovered that hyperparathyroidism was not correlated with serum creatinine and eGFR at 3- and 6-month, but it was correlated at 12-month. These findings suggest the role of post-transplant factors (i.e. serum creatinine and eGFR) as a long-term predictor for hyperparathyroidism; however, further studies are warranted to validate this claim.

Our study was limited by small sample size and short follow-up. Further, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 levels and bone mineral density were not assessed. In conclusion, hyperparathyroidism continued up to 12-month post-transplantation. Vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency was common in post-transplant recipients. Pre-transplantation factors affected the parathyroid status in the early post-transplantation period, while post-transplantation factors impacted the parathyroid status in the late post-transplant period.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. , , , . Hyperparathyroidism and long-term bone loss after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2003;17:268-74.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. , , , , . Incidence and risk factors of persistent hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2017;49:53-6.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. , , , , , . Calcium metabolism and osteodystrophy after renal transplantation. Arch Intern Med. 1969;124:282-91.
    [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. , , , , , . Treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism in renal transplant patients with cinacalcet improves control of blood pressure. Transplant Proc. 2009;41:2385-7.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. , , , , . Persistent disorders of mineral metabolism after one year of kidney transplantation. J Bras Nefrol. 2016;38:282-7.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. , , , , , , et al. A prospective cohort study of mineral metabolism after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100:184-93.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]

Fulltext Views
500

PDF downloads
605
View/Download PDF
Download Citations
BibTeX
RIS
Show Sections