Quality of Life of Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review

Jyoti Shukla; Anita Gupta; Raminder Kalra

doi:10.25259/IJN_5_2024

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Review Article

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doi:

10.25259/IJN_5_2024

Quality of Life of Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review

Jyoti Shukla^1,2,, Anita Gupta¹, Raminder Kalra³

1Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

2Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India

3Holy Family College of Nursing, Delhi University, New Delhi, India

Corresponding author: Jyoti Shukla, Nursing officer, Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India. E-mail: jyoti_shukla1984@yahoo.com

Received: 2024-01-07, Accepted: 2024-05-21, Epub ahead of print: 2024-08-22,

Licence

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Shukla J, Gupta A, Kalra R. Quality of Life of Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review. Indian J Nephrol. doi: 10.25259/IJN_5_2024

Abstract

Background

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is relapsing–remitting illness affecting children and characterized by proteinuria, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. The disease involves the significant formative years of a child’s life and profoundly impacts their physical and psychosocial well-being. There is a scarcity of literature exploring the quality of life (QoL) of children with NS and the factors influencing them. The study aimed to discuss the QoL of children with NS and the factors influencing it.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase, was carried out from 2004 to August 2023. Nineteen original articles in English language that focused on evaluating the QoL of children with NS were included. Articles in languages other than English, letters, and editorial reviews, studies involving populations other than children, were excluded.

Results

Children with NS tend to have a better QoL as compared to those with other chronic diseases (p = <0.001), but it remains lower than that of healthy children (p<0.05). School functioning was the most affected domain. Recurrent relapses, prolonged illness, high steroid dosages, and multiple medications are significant contributors to impaired QoL. Children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) had poorer QoL among the clinical subtypes.

Conclusion

Children with NS face various challenges that impact their QoL. Comprehensive care strategies to enhance QoL are the need of the hour.

Keywords

Children

Nephrotic syndrome

Quality of life

Show Related Articles from PubMed

Introduction

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most common kidney disease among children marked by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. The prevalence is 16 cases per 100,000 and the incidence is 2–7 cases per 100,000 children.¹ It is typically seen in children in the age group of 2–6 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 1:2.^2,3 Higher incidence is seen among South Asian children.⁴

Prednisolone, an oral corticosteroid, is the drug of choice to treat primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). About 60% to 70% of cases develop frequent relapses leading to decreased Quality of Life (QoL) and increased morbidity.⁵ The disease involves formative years of a child’s life impacting not only physical health but also psychosocial well-being.⁶ The QoL of children with NS may vary with disease clinical subtypes from infrequent relapsing to SRNS. NS exhibits a relapsing–remitting pattern, increasing the complexities of managing the multicomponent treatment regimens of the disease, including medication administration, dietary and lifestyle modifications, laboratory work, and follow-up, which may also have a substantial impact on the QoL.⁷ Understanding the QoL of children with NS is crucial for providing holistic care and improving patient outcomes.⁸

Very few studies explore the quality of life of children with NS, especially from developing countries. The current review explores the effect of disease conditions on the various domains of QoL and factors affecting QoL.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was done. This review incorporates a systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase from 2004 to August 2023. The Search terms included “Quality of life”, “Children”, “Nephrotic Syndrome”, “QoL”, and “Children with Nephrotic Syndrome”. Original articles exploring the QoL of children with NS were included. Non-English language articles, letters, and editorial reviews were excluded. Abstracts were evaluated, articles that focused on evaluating the QoL of children with NS were included, and populations other than children were excluded resulting in 19 studies, as shown in Figure 1.

Many standardized tools have been used to evaluate the QoL of children with NS, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Scale version (PedsQL), KINDL^R Questionnaire, Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), Generic Children`s Quality of Life Measure (GCQ) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). The PedsQL 4.0 generic core scale has been the primary choice in majority of the studies.^6,9-21 It includes physical, emotional, social, and school domains for different age groups (2–4 years, 5–7 years, 8–12 years, and 13–18 years). It comprises both child self-report and parent proxy-report, excluding the 2–4 year age group, which solely relies on parents’ reporting. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is derived from the combined scores of all the domains, while psychosocial functioning is represented by cumulative scores of emotional, social, and school functioning. KINDL^R questionnaire assesses various aspects of children and adolescent’s well-being and has physical parameters, emotional parameters, self-esteem, family, friends, school, and disease as its subscales. The tool has been employed in two distinct studies.^22,23 GCQ is another instrument used in a single study along with PedsQL and measures the degree of satisfaction by comparing the perceived quality of life and the desired quality of life in oneself. High correlation is moted between GCQ and PedsQL scores.¹¹ PROMIS encompasses domains such as depression, anxiety, social peer relationships, pain interference, fatigue, and mobility. A study employed PedsQL along with PROMIS and compared their consistency. A strong correlation was noted between PROMIS mobility, pain interference, fatigue, and the PedsQL physical functioning domain. A strong correlation was also observed between PROMIS depression and anxiety domain and the PedsQL emotional functioning scale. A moderate correlation (0.5 ≥ correlation coefficient > 0.3) was seen between the PROMIS peer relationship and PedsQL social and school functioning.⁶

Table 1 depicts the summary of studies included in the review. Veltkamp et al. investigated the QoL in children with first onset SSNS aged 2–16 years by PedsQL and revealed impaired QoL in children aged 8–18 years with SSNS.⁹ Kresnandari et al. observed that children not in remission and on cyclophosphamide therapy had a higher proportion of disturbances in QoL.¹⁴ Tanzina Parveen et al. reported better physical, emotional, and social functioning as compared to controls of children with other chronic illnesses.¹⁵ Allam et al. evaluated QoL of Sudanese children with NS and found significantly lower scores than healthy children as control except for social domain.¹⁶ Abbasi et al. assessed the QoL of Iranian children with NS and found reduced QoL compared to healthy children but better QoL as compared to children with other chronic illnesses.¹⁷ Aman et al. assessed the impact of the first pandemic wave on the QoL of children with NS and observed declined QoL in them.²⁴ Mazahir et al. assessed QoL in children aged 2–18 years and found QoL scores were lower in healthy children.¹⁸ Aier et al. reported lower QoL in children with NS aged 6–12 years.¹⁹ Li et al. also reported similar findings of lower QoL in children with NS.²⁰ Khullar et al. observed a decline in QoL of children using steroid and steroid-sparing agents.²⁵ Menon et al. found better QoL in cases (children with NS who were in remission and off high-dose steroids) as compared to controls.²² Eid et al. evaluated Egyptian children with NS and observed better QoL as compared to children with other chronic illnesses but lower than healthy counterparts.¹¹ Conversely, Roussel et al. reported that children in remission and on oral immunosuppressive drugs or rituximab therapy had high QoL.²³ Solarin A also reported overall good QoL in children with NS in their setting.¹² Mbanefo et al. found worse QoL in the presence of edema, massive proteinuria, and steroid resistance in children with NS.¹³ Agrawal et al. found that QoL was better in children in NS as compared to children with other chronic illnesses.²¹ Rahman et al. reported QoL was worst affected in physical and social domains.¹⁰ Seleswki et al. assessed the impact of disease duration on QoL and found poor social and school functioning, peer relationships, and pain interference.⁶ Ruth et al. reported that social functioning was impaired.²⁶

Table 1: Summary of the studies included in the review

Author and Year	Country	Purpose	Study design	Population	Sample size	Duration	Data collection tool	Findings
Veltkamp et al. (2023)⁹	Netherland	To determine HRQoL in Children with first-onset SSNS	Cross-sectional prospective study	Children with SSNS aged 2–16 years, 4 weeks after onset of SSNS	46	3 years 6 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Dutch version)	A large proportion (>45%) of children (8-18 years) had impaired QoL, no differences in QoL (2-7 years) except for social functioning in (5-7 years) in comparison to the reference group.
Kresnandari et al. (2023⁾¹⁴	Indonesia	To assess QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 2–18 years	60	6 months	PedsQL^TM4.0	Children with SRNS, SDNS and not in remission phase, on cyclophosphamide therapy demonstrate a higher proportion of QoL disturbance.
Tanzina Praveen et al. (2023)¹⁵	Bangladesh	To assess QoL in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome	Cross-sectional study, comparative	Children with NS aged 2–18 years as cases Control-matched children attending general OPD or subspecialty clinic	Cases – 50 Control – 50	6 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Bangla version)	Children had significantly better scores in physical (p = 0.004), emotional (0.03), and social functioning (p = 0.01) as compared to controls.
Allam et al. (2022⁾¹⁶	Sudan	To assess HRQoL in Sudanese children with NS	Case-control descriptive study	Children with NS aged 2–18 years as cases Control-matched healthy children	Cases – 100 Control – 100	8 months	PedsQL^TM4.0	Children with NS had lower QoL than healthy children (p ≤ 0.05) except social domain (p = 0.266). Children with the first episode of NS had lower QoL (p = 0.027) among the clinical phenotypes of NS.
Abbasi et al. (2022)¹⁷	Iran	To assess health QoL in Iranian children with NS	Cross-sectional study, case-control study	Children with NS aged 6–18 years	Cases – 60 Control I – 81 Control II – 98	-	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Farsi version)	Children with NS had lower scores in physical, social, and educational fields as compared to healthy controls, but higher than children with other chronic diseases (p < 0.05)
Aman et al. (2022)²⁴	Canada	To assess the family functioning and parental and child QoL during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic assessment	Prospective cohort	Children with aged 2–18 years	122	5 months	PedsQL^TM4.0	Children’s overall QoL declined (p = 0.04), specifically increased sleep disruption (p = 0.01) and fatigue
Mazahir et al. (2022)¹⁸	India	To assess QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 2–18 years Children visiting the hospital for minor acute illness	102 cases and 102 control	3 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Hindi version)	Compared to controls, QoL scores were lower in physical (p<0.0001), school (p<0.026), and social domains (p <0.0001). SRNS had worse QoL. Older age at enrolment (p=0.016) and a higher number of immunosuppressants (p=0.015) are associated with impaired QoL. Cases with edema and CNI use are linked with impaired emotional (p-0.028) and social functioning (p-0.040). No difference in emotional functioning.
Aier et al (2022)¹⁹	India	To assess emotional and behavioral problems, temperament, family environment, and health-related QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 6–12 years	32 cases 30 controls	1 year	PedsQL^TM4.0	Children with NS overall lower QoL (p<0.003). SRNS had poor QoL scores (p<0.017).
Li et al. (2021)²⁰	China	To assess the QoL of children with NS and assess parental disease awareness	Survey	Children with NS hospitalized in a nephrology ward	231 children	20 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Chinese version)	93.51% of cases had affected QoL. Longer duration of illness associated with impaired physical functioning pain and fatigue.
Khullar et al. (2021)²⁵	Canada	To assess the impact of steroids and steroid-sparing agents on the QoL of children with NS	Longitudinal cohort study	Children with NS aged 1–18 years	295 Children with the incident and prevalent children with NS	5 years	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Chinese version)	Reduction in overall QoL for both steroid and steroid-sparing agents. Longer periods of medications over 6 months significantly lower QoL. Steroid-sparing agents associated with a reduction in general, sleep, and cognitive fatigue domains.
Menon et al. (2020)²²	India	To assess the QoL of children with NS and their caregivers. To study behavioral abnormalities	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 4–15 years and controls were children with minor illnesses	38 children with NS 41 healthy children as control	18 months	KINDL^R SDQ, WHO-QoL BREF	QoL was better in cases as compared to controls (p<0.003). Low emotional and peer domain was associated with complications of disease and adverse disease events.
Eid et al. (2020⁾¹¹	Egypt	To evaluate QoL in Egyptian children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS as cases (8–18 years) Healthy children as control group I and children with other chronic illnesses as control group II	300 100 cases and 100 controls in each group	12 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Arabic version) Generic Children’s QoL measure (GCQ)	QoL was better in children with NS as compared to children (p<0.001) with other chronic illnesses but lower than the healthy control (p<0.001) reported by PedsQL and similarly for GCQ (p = 0.02, p = 0.006), respectively. SRNS children had worse QoL (p≤0.001). Longer duration of illness, higher relapses, increased hospital admissions, and high cumulative glucocorticoid doses were associated with poor QoL (p<0.001 for all).
Roussel et al. (2019)²³	France	To assess the QoL of children with NS based on treatment modalities	Cross-sectional study/multicenter, observational study	Children with NS aged 7–17 years	110 children	-	Kindl^R questionnaire	Global QoL was high in children with difficult-to-treat NS in stable remission on oral immunosuppressive or Rituximab treatment. School function was impaired in the rituximab group.
Solarin et al. (2019)¹²	Nigeria	To assess the QoL of children with INS	Cross-sectional study	2–18 years Children with INS	61	6 months	PedsQL^TM4.0	Overall QoL of children with NS was good.
Mbanefo et al. (2018)¹³	Nigeria	To assess the HRQoL of children with NS and the possible predictors of poor scores	Cross-sectional study	5–18 years children with INS	50	-	PedsQL^TM4.0	Edema (p = 0.0006), massive proteinuria(p = 0.001), steroid resistance (p = 0.001), and non-MCNS (p = 0.012) negatively affect the QoL.
Agrawal et al. (2017)²¹	India	To assess QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional comparative study and children with other chronic illnesses as controls	Children with NS aged 2–18 years	100 children 50 cases and 50 controls	3 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Tamil)	QoL was better than controls (p = 0.012) and higher in physical (p = 0.004), emotional (p = 0.029), and social functioning (p = 0.010) as compared to controls. No difference in the school domain was noted.
Rahman et al. (2016)¹⁰	Bangladesh	To assess QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 2–12 years	50 children with NS	6 months	PedsQL^TM4.0 (Bengali)	Physical (p<0.001) and social functioning (p = 0.003) were worst affected.
Seleswki et al. (2015)⁶	USA	To assess the impact of disease duration on QoL in children with NS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 8–17 years	127 children	-	PROMIS PedsQL^TM4.0	Disease duration impacts the QoL. Poor social (p<0.01) and school functioning(p = 0.03) reported by PedsQL and impaired peer relationship (p = 0.01) and pain interference (p<0.01) by PROMIS.
Ruth et al. (2004)²⁶	Netherland Switzerland Germany	To assess QoL and psychosocial adjustment in SSNS	Cross-sectional study	Children with NS aged 3–19 years	45 children	-	TNO-AZL child QoL questionnaire	Social functioning was impaired.

HRQoL – Health-Related Quality of Life, PedsQL – Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, PROMIS – Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, QoL – Quality of Life, SDNS – Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome, SSNS – Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome, SRNS – Steroid Resistance Nephrotic Syndrome, SDQ – Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, TNO-AZL – The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Academical Medical Center

Impact on QoL of children with NS

The QoL was found to be better in children with NS in comparison to children with other chronic diseases. The median total QoL scores in children with NS were 65 (Interquartile range: 59–68.75) which was higher as compared to controls 62.19 (Interquartile range:58.05–65.78) (p = 0.012) with other chronic diseases such as epilepsy, asthma, hemophilia, etc.²¹ In other studies, it was consistently found that children with NS had higher mean total quality of life (QoL) scores compared to those with chronic non-renal illnesses, as measured by PedsQL (p = <0.001) and GCQ (p = 0.02).^11,15 Both the studies were comparative and cross-sectional. Another study conducted on children who were in remission and not on high-dose steroid therapy affirmed better QoL compared to healthy controls by Kindl^R questionnaire (p = 0.003).²⁶ While the QoL was noted to be better in comparison to children with nonrenal chronic illnesses, it remained lower than that of healthy children. Studies reported that mean total PedsQL scores were lower in NS children compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0004, p ≤0.05, and p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.003, respectively).^11,17-19 Children with NS reported that they experienced a decline in QoL (p = 0.04) during the initial pandemic wave, particularly increased sleep disruption and reduced energy (p = 0.01).²⁴

Physical health

Physical functioning was reported to be poor in children with NS as measured by PedsQL.^6,12,16-18 Children did not encounter issues with light activities, such as walking over 100 meters. They faced challenges when engaging in moderate or strenuous activities like running, sports, bathing, and household chores. Over half of them reported feeling pain and fatigue during these activities.²⁰ Pain interference was also found to be more pronounced (p < 0.01) in children. Children with prevalent NS exhibited a higher degree of pain interference (p = 0.02) compared to those with incident NS.⁶ Physical functioning was reported to be better than children with other chronic diseases.²¹ Children with NS exhibited lower physical scores (68.26 ± 19.94) than healthy children (81.25 ± 18.40), p = <0.010.¹⁹ Another study reported a parallel outcome (p < 0.0001).¹⁸ The presence of edema significantly lowered physical scores (66.35 ± 19.65,p = .001).¹³

Psychosocial well-being

Psychosocial functioning encompasses the emotional, social, and psychological experiences of the children, and the disease course can significantly influence it. The psychosocial functioning of children with NS was also found to be impaired (65.52 ± 14.72) as compared to healthy children (74.88 ± 12.35) p < 0.10.¹⁹

Emotional Functioning: Children with NS exhibit higher emotional functioning as compared to children with other chronic diseases (p = 0.029, p = 0.03).^15,21 No difference was noted in emotional functioning as compared to healthy controls.¹⁸ The emotional functioning of patients with NS also remained unchanged from their nonhealthy controls (p > 0.5).¹⁷ Children generally reported lower scores on sleep disturbances and expressed concerns about accidents.²⁰ Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MCNS) also has better emotional functioning than non-MCNS (t = −4.272,p = 0.001).¹³ Instances with edema and ongoing or prior use of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) were more prone to impaired emotional (p = 0.028) and social (p = 0.040) functioning.¹⁸ Children with SRNS exhibited diminished emotional functioning (65.75 ± 23.58) in comparison to those with SSNS (88.75 ± 22.61), with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.002).¹⁸

Social Functioning: Social functioning was observed to be better in children with NS as compared to other chronic illnesses.¹⁵ It was noted to be impaired in children with NS as compared to healthy controls (p = 0.026).¹⁸ Conversely, a study reported that social functioning was better in cases as compared to healthy control (p<0.05).¹⁶ It was more compromised in prevalent patients (p<0.01) by PedsQL and in the peer relationship domain (p = 0.01) by PROMIS.⁶ While overall, social functioning was found to be better, some challenges were reported in getting along with other teenagers, making friends, and being teased by others.²⁰

School domain

Studies have shown that school functioning is the most adversely affected domain among children with NS.^{6,12,16-18,20} Children experienced more significant impairment (p < 0.0001) in comparison to their healthy controls.¹⁸ Despite experiencing chronic absenteeism or dropping out from schooling due to the disease, children with NS also encounter challenges related to attention and memory.²⁰ The presence of edema, particularly in the legs and ankles, limits a child’s mobility and significantly affects school functioning (46.54 ± 14.77, p = 0.002).¹³ Prevalent patients exhibited worse school functioning domains (p = 0.03).⁶ Based on the treatment modalities, school functioning was poor (p = 0.033) in the rituximab (RTX) group as compared to the oral immunosuppressive drugs (OID) group. It may be due to repeated hospitalization for infusion or monthly B-Cell monitoring.²³ Only a single study reported that no difference was noted in the school domain as compared to children with other chronic diseases.¹⁵

Factors affecting QoL

NS significantly impacts children’s QoL, influenced by various factors such as psychosocial, cultural, socioeconomic, and educational aspects.Children with prevalent disease have poorer QoL than those with incident disease.⁶ Increased number of immunosuppressants used (p = 0.015) are the main predictors of impaired QoL.¹⁸ The use of steroids and steroid-sparing agents up to 12 months before assessment was linked to declined QoL which remained significant even after adjusting for factors.²⁵

A longer duration of illness, a greater number of medications, frequent relapses, and high cumulative steroid doses are all linked to a lower QoL (p < 0.001 for all) for both PedsQL and GCQ.¹¹ The relapsing type of NS, gender, duration of illness, average annual hospital admissions, body weight and obesity, cushingoid complications, and CNI use significantly affect the QoL scores in patients with NS (p<0.05).¹⁷ Age, gender, duration of illness, steroid resistance, complications, per capita income, and history of peritonitis did not significantly influence the QoL scores among children with NS (p>0.05).^11,15,21

Duration of less than 1 year of illness adversely impacted physical functioning (p = 0.002) of children compared to those exceeding 1 year of illness. Conversely, emotional functioning showed improvement in children with an illness duration of less than 1 year (p = 0.035).¹³

QoL scores considerably differed between various clinical phenotypes of NS as patients experiencing initial episodes of NS had the lowest scores compared to other clinical phenotypes (p<0.05).¹⁶ SRNS group had the lowest scores in all domains compared to other clinical phenotypes (p ≤ 0.001, p = 0.017).^11,19 Studies reported that no significant difference was found in the QoL of various clinical phenotypes of NS (p>0.05).^15,17,21 The first episode or infrequent relapsing NS has a more favorable outcome in emotional, social, and school functioning as compared to FRNS/SDNS and SRNS.¹⁸

A proteinuria level of 3+ was also observed to be associated with a reduction in QoL across physical (F = 8.228, p < 0.001), social (F = 4.377, p = 0.009), and school (F = 12.815, p < 0.001) domains when compared to individuals with lesser degrees of proteinuria.¹³ Edema, massive proteinuria, steroid resistance, and non-MCNS histology types contribute adversely to QoL. Children with MCNS histology type experienced a significantly better QoL (87.19 ± 6.72) as compared to those with non-MCNS (74.82 ± 12.82), p = 0.012.¹³

Challenges experienced by children with NS

There are limited studies that have explored the QoL in children with NS, particularly in the context of developing countries. Several standardized instruments have been employed to assess the QoL of children with NS, including the PedsQL, GCQ, Kindl^R questionnaire, and PROMIS. Notably, the PedsQL stands out as the predominant choice in the majority of research studies.^6,8-20

Children with NS often experience a range of physical symptoms, including edema and fatigue, and are susceptible to infections which can impact their physical QoL. It may make walking, running, and playing more challenging. Children may also experience fatigue due to the loss of vital proteins in the urine. Edema, particularly in the legs and ankles, can cause discomfort, which limits a child’s mobility and is found to be significantly affecting physical functioning.¹³

The fear of relapses and uncertainty about the future are significant emotional stressors.¹⁸ It can lead to anxiety, depression, and a decline in self-esteem among children with NS. In addition, medications used to manage NS, such as corticosteroids, can have side effects like weight gain, mood swings, and increased appetite, and these side effects may affect a child’s physical appearance and emotional well-being. Steroid-sparing agents are also associated with a reduction in general, sleep, and cognitive fatigue domains.²⁵

Social and school domains are interrelated as school attendance provides an opportunity to interact with peers and make friends. Social isolation and school-related challenges can also affect the social functioning of these children. Poor school performance could be attributed to frequent hospital visits due to disease conditions and adverse effects of medications. With the remitting–relapsing nature of the disease, children find it difficult to attend school regularly and cope with their studies. In addition, a punitive school environment and teachers’ inadequate knowledge about the disease posed a barrier to preventing integration into the school domain leading to chronic absenteeism or dropping out of school. It is high time to acknowledge the vital role of peer support and raise awareness about the disease. It isimportant to recognize that factors such as ethnicity, culture, social practices, and socioeconomic status predominantly influence the social and emotional aspects of the QoL in children with chronic diseases. Therefore, making broad generalizations based on these findings would be inadequate.

The disease requires ongoing management, including medications, dietary restrictions, and laboratory assessments as each relapse (presence of 3+ or more proteins in the urine for 3 days in a row) carries a risk of morbidity, and steroid toxicity increases the possibility of complications like sepsis, thrombosis, malnutrition, etc.⁶ Dietary modifications may improve the health outcomes in children.²⁷ However, adherence to the treatment plan and adapting to lifestyle changes can be challenging and often contribute to a reduced QoL.²⁶ A study found that children with less than 1 year of illness had poorer physical functioning compared to those with more than 1 year of illness. This difference could be because of the challenges in adjusting to new symptoms over a shorter period. In contrast, emotional functioning was worse in children with an illness duration exceeding 1 year. This might be attributed to frequent relapses and changes in physical appearance, such as cushingoid facies and obesity, among other factors.¹³ The steroids and steroid-sparing agents lead to a decline in overall QoL due to the potential side effects of steroids and other immunosuppressive agents. A significant number of children with SSNS exhibited binge eating as a side effect of prednisolone followed by moon facies.⁹ Understanding and addressing these factors is essential for improving the overall well-being of these children.

Gaps and future research directions

There are limited studies that have explored the QoL in children with NS, particularly in the context of developing countries. Several standardized instruments have been employed to assess the QoL of children with NS, including the PedsQL, GCQ, KindlR questionnaire and PROMIS. Notably, the PedsQL stands out as the predominant choice in the majority of research studies.^6,8–20

While the existing literature explored the QoL of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were mostly comparative and cross-sectional. There is a need for a longitudinal study to track QoL changes over time, and interventional studies to enhance QoL. Most of the studies used the PedsQL^TM4.0 generic core scale as the tool to assess QoL. It is essential to incorporate alternative assessment tools to enrich our understanding of QoL.

Conclusion

The QoL of children with NS is a multifaceted construct encompassing physical, emotional, and social dimensions. Comprehensive care strategies that address not only the physical symptoms but also the psychosocial well-being of these children and their caregivers are essential. Future research should aim to fill existing gaps, provide a longitudinal perspective, and develop targeted interventions to improve the QoL of this vulnerable population. Ultimately, enhancing the QoL of children with NS can lead to better health outcomes and improved overall well-being.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Mazahir R, Anand K, Pruthi PK. Quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome: A cross-sectional study using Hindi version of PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26:552-60..
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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[Google Scholar]
Li N, Hao J, Fu T, Du Y. Evaluating the quality of life of 231 children with primary nephrotic syndrome and assessing parental awareness of the disease. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:745444.
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Introduction

Materials and Methods

Impact on QoL of children with NS
Physical health
Psychosocial well-being
School domain
Factors affecting QoL
Challenges experienced by children with NS
Gaps and future research directions

Conclusion

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[Google Scholar]

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[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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[Google Scholar]

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[Google Scholar]

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[CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]

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[Google Scholar]

[18] Mazahir R, Anand K, Pruthi PK. Quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome: A cross-sectional study using Hindi version of PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26:552-60..
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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[Google Scholar]

[20] Li N, Hao J, Fu T, Du Y. Evaluating the quality of life of 231 children with primary nephrotic syndrome and assessing parental awareness of the disease. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:745444.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]

[21] Agrawal S, Krishnamurthy S, Naik BN. Assessment of quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome at a teaching hospital in South India. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28:593-8.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[22] Menon J, Thuruthiyath N, Kannankulangara A, Kolady R. Behavioral problems, quality of life and caregiver burden in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: Improving outcomes by pragmatic interventions in a resource-poor setting. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88:476-8.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]

[23] Roussel A, Delbet JD, Micheland L, Deschênes G, Decramer S, et al. Quality of life in children with severe forms of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in stable remission—A cross-sectional study. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2019;108:2267-73.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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[CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central] [Google Scholar]

[25] Khullar S, Banh T, Vasilevska-Ristovska J, Chanchlani R, Brooke J, et al. Impact of steroids and steroid-sparing agents on quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol.. 2021;36:93-102.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[26] Rüth EM, Landolt MA, Neuhaus TJ, Kemper MJ. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. J Pediatr. 2004;145:778-83.
[CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[27] Singh M. A Pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding dietary modification among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing haemodialysis IJSRR. . 2019;8:2281-9.
[Google Scholar]

Quality of Life of Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review

Abstract

Background

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Children

Nephrotic syndrome

Quality of life

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Impact on QoL of children with NS

Physical health

Psychosocial well-being

School domain

Factors affecting QoL

Challenges experienced by children with NS

Gaps and future research directions

Conclusion

Conflicts of interest

References

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